Dry Eye: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Dry Eye: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Dry eye occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly. It may also develop when the tear film does not contain the correct balance of water, oil and mucus needed to keep the eyes moist, smooth and protected.

Common Symptoms of Dry Eye

Dry eye symptoms may include:

• Burning, itching or stinging
• A gritty or sandy feeling
• Redness and irritation
• Blurry or fluctuating vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Eye fatigue
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses
• Excessive watering

Although watery eyes may seem unrelated to dryness, irritation can trigger reflex tears. These tears are mainly watery and may not provide long-lasting lubrication.

What Causes Dry Eye?

Dry eye may result from reduced tear production, rapid tear evaporation or a combination of both.

Common causes include:

• Natural ageing and hormonal changes
• Prolonged use of computers and smartphones
• Reduced blinking
• Blocked oil glands in the eyelids
• Contact-lens use
• Dry weather, wind, smoke and air conditioning
• Certain medicines, including some antihistamines and antidepressants
• Health conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren syndrome
• Eyelid problems that prevent the eyes from closing properly

How Is Dry Eye Diagnosed?

An ophthalmologist may examine the quantity and quality of tears, tear-film stability, eyelid function, corneal health and the oil-producing glands in the eyelids.

This assessment helps identify the cause of dryness and determine the most suitable treatment.

Dry Eye Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Artificial Tears

Lubricating eye drops are commonly used for mild symptoms. Patients who need drops frequently may be advised to use preservative-free products.

Gels and Ointments

Thicker gels and ointments provide longer-lasting lubrication and are often used before sleep.

Prescription Treatments

For persistent or inflammatory dry eye, an ophthalmologist may prescribe medication to reduce inflammation, improve tear production or prevent excessive evaporation.

Punctal Plugs

Tiny plugs may be placed in the tear-drainage openings to help tears remain on the surface of the eye for longer.

Treatment for Blocked Oil Glands

Warm compresses, eyelid massage, professional cleaning and specialist in-office procedures may help improve the oily layer of the tear film.

Specialised Contact Lenses

Some patients with moderate or severe dry eye may benefit from therapeutic lenses that protect the eye’s surface and retain moisture.

Lifestyle Tips

The following steps may help reduce dry eye symptoms:

• Take regular breaks from digital screens
• Blink more frequently
• Avoid direct airflow from fans and air conditioners
• Use a humidifier in dry environments
• Stay away from smoke
• Wear sunglasses in windy conditions
• Apply warm compresses when advised
• Follow proper contact-lens hygiene
• Rest your eyes regularly

When Should You See an Eye Specialist?

Arrange an eye examination if dryness, redness, watering or blurry vision continues despite basic care.

Seek prompt medical attention for sudden vision loss, severe eye pain, injury, increasing redness, discharge or intense sensitivity to light.

Dry Eye Treatment with TBI Meds

TBI Meds helps international patients connect with experienced ophthalmologists, specialised eye hospitals and modern diagnostic centres.

Our services may include medical-record review, specialist consultation, diagnostic coordination, treatment planning, accommodation, transfers, interpretation and follow-up support.

Contact TBI Meds to receive personalised guidance for your dry eye assessment and treatment journey.

Medical Disclaimer

This information is provided for general educational purposes and does not replace diagnosis or treatment by a qualified ophthalmologist.